3.其他重载运算符
重载+, -, *
mytime2.h
#ifndef __MYTIME2_H__ #define __MYTIME2_H__ #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Time { private: int hours; int minutes; public: Time(); Time(int h, int m = 0); void AddMin(int m); void AddHr(int h); void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0); Time operator+(const Time &t) const; Time operator-(const Time &t) const; Time operator*(double mult) const; void Show() const; }; #endif mytime2.cpp
#include "mytime2.h" Time::Time() { hours = minutes = 0; } Time::Time(int h, int m) { hours = h; minutes = m; } void Time::AddMin(int m) { minutes += m; hours += minutes / 60; minutes %= 60; } void Time::AddHr(int h) { hours += h; } void Time::Reset(int h, int m) { hours = h; minutes = m; } Time Time::operator+(const Time &t) const { Time sum; sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes; sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60; sum.minutes %= 60; return sum; } Time Time::operator-(const Time &t) const { Time diff; int tot1, tot2; tot1 = hours * 60 + minutes; tot2 = t.hours * 60 + t.minutes; diff.hours = (tot1 - tot2) / 60; diff.minutes = (tot1 - tot2) % 60; return diff; } Time Time::operator*(double mult) const { Time result; long totalminutes = hours*mult*60 + minutes*mult; result.hours = totalminutes / 60; result.minutes = totalminutes % 60; return result; } void Time::Show() const { cout << hours << " hours, " << minutes << " minutes." << endl; } usetime2.cpp
#include <iostream> #include "mytime2.h" using namespace std; int main(void) { Time coding(4, 35); Time fixing(2, 47); Time total; Time Planning; Time diff; Time adjusted; cout << "coding time = "; coding.Show(); cout << "fixing time = "; fixing.Show(); total = coding + fixing; total.Show(); diff = coding - fixing; diff.Show(); adjusted = coding * 1.5;//左侧的操作数应是调用对象,coding需要在1.5前面 adjusted.Show(); return 0; } .
加法和减法运算符都结合两个Time 值,而乘法运算符将一个 Time 值与一个 double值结合在一起。这限制了该运算符的使用方式。记住,左侧的操作数是调用对象。也就是说,下面的语句:A=B * 2.75; 将被转换为下面的成员函数调用: A=B.operator * (2.75); 但下面的语句又如何呢? A=2.75 * B;//cannot correspond to a member function 从概念上说,2.75 * B应与B*2.75相同,但第一个表达式不对应于成员函数,因为 2.75不是 Time 类型的对象。记住,左侧的操作数应是调用对象,但2.75不是对象。因此,编译器不能使用成员函数调用来替换该表达式。
友元函数解决非成员函数不能直接访问类的私有数据:
//创建友元函数的第一步是将其原型放在类声明中,并在原型声明前加上关键字friend: friend Time operator*(double m,const Time &t);//goes in class declaration该原型意味着下面两点: 1.虽然 operator *()函数是在类声明中声明的,但它不是成员函数,因此不能使用成员运算符来调用;
2.虽然 operator *()函数不是成员函数,但它与成员函数的访问权限相同。
第二步是编写函数定义。因为它不是成员函数,所以不要使用Time限定符。另外,不要在定义中使用关键字friend。
将来在写非成员函数的时候,可以将其写成友元函数。
。
友元函数重载 *
mytime2.h
#ifndef __MYTIME3_H__ #define __MYTIME3_H__ #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Time { private: int hours; int minutes; public: Time(); Time(int h, int m = 0); void AddMin(int m); void AddHr(int h); void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0); Time operator+(const Time &t) const; Time operator-(const Time &t) const; Time operator*(double mult) const; friend Time operator*(double mult, const Time &t);//友元函数重载 * void Show() const; }; //Time operator*(double m, const Time &t);//定义成一个普通的函数,无法使用类中的private。 #endif mytime2.cpp
#include "mytime3.h" Time::Time() { hours = minutes = 0; } Time::Time(int h, int m) { hours = h; minutes = m; } void Time::AddMin(int m) { minutes += m; hours += minutes / 60; minutes %= 60; } void Time::AddHr(int h) { hours += h; } void Time::Reset(int h, int m) { hours = h; minutes = m; } Time Time::operator+(const Time &t) const { Time sum; sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes; sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60; sum.minutes %= 60; return sum; } Time Time::operator-(const Time &t) const { Time diff; int tot1, tot2; tot1 = hours * 60 + minutes; tot2 = t.hours * 60 + t.minutes; diff.hours = (tot1 - tot2) / 60; diff.minutes = (tot1 - tot2) % 60; return diff; } Time Time::operator*(double mult) const { Time result; long totalminutes = hours*mult*60 + minutes*mult; result.hours = totalminutes / 60; result.minutes = totalminutes % 60; return result; } void Time::Show() const { cout << hours << " hours, " << minutes << " minutes." << endl; } //友元函数重载 * Time operator*(double mult, const Time &t) { Time result; long totalminutes = t.hours*mult*60 + t.minutes*mult; result.hours = totalminutes / 60; result.minutes = totalminutes % 60; return result; } /* Time operator*(double mult, const Time &t) { return t * mult; } */ usetime2.cpp
#include <iostream> #include "mytime3.h" using namespace std; int main(void) { Time coding(4, 35); Time fixing(2, 47); Time total; Time Planning; Time diff; Time adjusted; cout << "coding time = "; coding.Show(); cout << "fixing time = "; fixing.Show(); total = coding + fixing; total.Show(); diff = coding - fixing; diff.Show(); adjusted = coding * 1.5; adjusted.Show(); adjusted = 1.5 * coding;//友元函数重载 *, 等价于operator*(1.5, coding) adjusted.Show(); return 0; } .
Time Time::operator*(double mult) const和friend Time operator*(double mult, const Time &t)这两个重载*的函数有什么区别?✅ 一句话总结:
一个是成员函数,只能写成
t * 2.0; 一个是友元函数,支持2.0 * t这种写法。🔍 详细对比:
特性 成员函数版本 友元函数版本 定义方式 Time Time::operator*(double mult) constfriend Time operator*(double m, const Time &t)调用方式 time * 2.02.0 * time参数个数 1 个显式参数( this是隐式参数)2 个显式参数 访问私有成员 ✅ 可以(因为是成员) ✅ 可以(因为是友元) 是否支持交换律 ❌ 不支持(只能 time * 2.0)✅ 支持(可以 2.0 * time)✅ 举个例子:
Time t(1, 30); // 1小时30分钟 Time a = t * 2.0; // ✅ 成员函数版本 Time b = 2.0 * t; // ✅ 友元函数版本(没有它就不行)✅ 总结一句话:
成员函数只能处理
对象 * 数字,友元函数才能处理数字 * 对象,实现真正的交换律。